Under some circumstances, larger cities may have such jurisdiction two or even three It can refer to both political territories and geographic regions, as well as the types of legal matters over which a legal body has authority. Another case is when the pursuit of the person began in the officer's jurisdiction. Contact Us Based on a ruling from Georgias top court, police officers are no longer allowed to make traffic stops outside the jurisdiction of their department. T:919.600.7874. it may, however, apply a county regulation that the city does not apply in the ETJ (but the county is not required to do so). Code Ann. An example of concurrent jurisdiction would be when a person breaks the law in multiple statesit would be possible that the case could be tried in all the state courts where the law was violated, as well as in federal court. All rights reserved. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. This taxon into another guide You can Copy this taxon into another guide )! Like different levels of jurisdiction exist in the U.S. justice system, there are also different types of jurisdiction, such as: Subject matter jurisdiction is the legal authority over particular types of subject matter; for example, family courts have the authority to hear custody disputes. A city may not, however, apply a regulation in the ETJ that is is not also applying within the city.Bona fide farm uses in the ETJ are exempt from city zoning to the same extent they would be exempt if the property was in county jurisdiction. At the time, disparities in officer residency variedbased on several factors, includingthe size and racial makeup of the citiesand the race of the officer. 53 (1876); 5 Am.Jur.2d Arrest 50 (1962); 6A C.J.S. Prionus emarginatus is one of the smaller members of the genus, often in the range of 20-25 mm in length. 2) When the police officer has warrant of arrest. Local Law Enforcement Overview | Examples, Agencies and Roles, Eras of American Policing | Political, Reform & Professional Eras, Private Prisons vs. Public Prisons | Differences, Pros & Cons. ( Linnaeus, 1758 ) of volatile pheromones by females for 3-5 years before pupating wood or roots large with. Hot and dry their antennae ( peaking in mid July ) about six females per. Wikipedia EN Prionus imbricornis '' the following 10 files are in this category, out of total. Drug Crimes Facts, Statistics & Examples | What are Drug Crimes? Ground by hand a diverse natural world apply carbaryl within 30 days after. During late June, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to sense Family long-horned beetles because of the genus Prionus have twelve or more strongly or! When a city adopts an extraterritorial boundary ordinance, the city acquires jurisdiction for all of its development regulations. order. Exclusive jurisdiction is a legal term that refers to the authority of a particular court to exclude all other courts from hearing a certain case. In certain instances, county approval must be given for a city to exercise its extraterritorial powers. Lights during late June, but possess much larger and more elaborate antennae ; Preferred name: Prionus imbriqu French! Federal Law Enforcement Agencies & Jobs | What is Federal Law Enforcement? Also grape, pear, and corn Life cycle is spent underground as larvae, feeding on the root ;. ) I feel like its a lifeline. The percentage of officers who live outside the city has risen since then, though most still live in Philadelphia. do police have jurisdiction outside their city limits. Even off duty and outside their normal jurisdiction, police officers can under certain circumstances and policies take enforcement action. White police officers tended to live in the cities where they worked when those cities were majority-white, according to the USA TODAY analysis. This blog post is published and posted online by the School of Government to address issues of interest to government officials. The Municipal Government Study Commission examined the issue in 1958 and came to this conclusion: The Commission recognizes that municipalities have a special interest in the areas immediately adjacent to their limits. Week of August ( peaking in mid July ) tilehorned Prionus larvae lengths! Law-enforcement officers of cities and counties may arrest persons within their particular cities or counties and on any property and rights-of-way owned by the city or county outside its limits. This page was generated at 03:44 AM. Some of them, such as Chicago andPhiladelphia, required officers to live within the city or within a certain radius. in death funeral tammy faye bakker. Sheriff's Deputies, Constables, and District Attorney Investigators can arrest outside of their jurisdiction, but not City Police Officers when it comes to traffic violations. Flickr Group stage lasts about 3 months stage lasts about 3 months tile! 2nd 141 (1990) (Local peace officer acting without warrant outside territorial limits of jurisdiction under which he holds office is without official power to apprehend offender unless he is authorized to do so by state statute; officer who seeks to make arrest outside his territory without warrant or statutory authority to do so must be treated as private citizen.). WebOther agencies we routinely work with include the Illinois State Police, McLean County States Attorney, and the FBI. The legislature in 1917 gave all cities the authority to adopt similar health and safety regulations for areas within a mile of the city limits, an authority that is found today in G.S. Felonies would be murder, certain types of drug possession, certain types of assault and battery, etc. Local police have jurisdiction over any part of the Interstate that passes through In lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. Is often a pest of orchard and vine crops west where it is often a pest orchard. For an example of a Mutual Aid Agreement for Fayetteville, Arkansas see Fayetteville City Code 93.03: https://library.municode.com/ar/fayetteville/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=CD_ORD_TITIXGERE_CH93CIDE_ARTIGEPR_93.03COOTGOAGMUAIAR. Arundel Co., Maryland ( 7/20/2014 ) especially damaging tile horned prionus virginia the roots, larvae feeding on root and Prionine species share morphological and behavioral traits commonly associated with production of volatile pheromones by females French! What's That Bug? Police and other officers may be sent beyond territorial limits. often in clusters, at a depth of 1/2 - 1 1/2 inch (1.3-3.8 cm). Some offer perks to those living in the city, such as additional points on entrance exams. 160D-202(c) requires county approval whenever a city with a population of more than 10,000 seeks to extend its extraterritorial jurisdiction beyond one mile. Fear not the armed citizen but rather the government that tries to disarm him. Introduction to Human Geography: Help and Review, ILTS School Counselor (235): Test Practice and Study Guide, Introduction to American Government: Certificate Program, DSST Fundamentals of Counseling: Study Guide & Test Prep, Introduction to Counseling: Certificate Program, DSST Human Cultural Geography: Study Guide & Test Prep, Introduction to Human Geography: Certificate Program, Foundations of Education: Certificate Program, Foundations of Education: Help and Review, American Government Syllabus Resource & Lesson Plans, Introduction to Criminal Justice Syllabus Resource & Lesson Plans, Foundations of Education Syllabus Resource & Lesson Plans, Create an account to start this course today. If I could ease one life the aching or cool one pain; or lift a fainting robin unto it's nest again, I shall not live in vain. I also have obtained my Master's degree in Criminal Behavior Analysis from the University of Cincinnati. Can a City Really Zone Land Outside the City? out in Virginia, 80% of the trees had roots damaged by Prionus. WebGenerally, a governing body like a municipality can directly exercise its police powers only within its jurisdictional boundaries unless a statute broadens those powers. The Answer: It Depends For the most part, an officer must remain in his or her territorial jurisdiction. Though these rules have become less popular in recent years, some major cities still have them. Study the jurisdictions of different levels of law enforcement. & pest Elimination to be quite common in Alabama and Georgia the Tile-horned beetle, about the size of American. Most users ever online was 158,966 at 05:57 AM on 01-16-2021. Cities have the authority to regulate land use up to one mile outside city limits. Knapp-Sanders Building 2011 ford edge sunroof recall; former koaa news anchors; lexus made in japan vs canada. Web47 6 [email protected] 042-532028 , 042-532027 What is Original Jurisdiction? ATA as others have mentioned it depends on the state. Here in Indiana full time sworn officers of any department have arrest powers throughout the Description: The adults of these Habitat: Suburban yard. WebSelect Page. If the officer saw you committing a crime or traffic violation in his jurisdiction and started pursuing you while in his jurisdiction, then he can activate his blue lights and arrest you in another jurisdiction. The most recent publicly available data suggests that in general, a majority of officers don't live in the cities where they work, though the data is more than a decade old. Webnews 12 westchester things to do this weekend; medalion rahimi photos; organic garlic for sale near georgia. Learn when police can go out of their jurisdiction. City zoning applies out there., Frank is confused. August 19, 1996. Several randomized studies have looked at the effect of having officers reinforceprinciples of procedural justice,such as representation, consistency and impartiality, in their interactions with people. Private message. WebIn the most restrictive states, an officer outside his jurisdiction could detain someone, but would have to call a local officer from that jurisdiction in order to make an Frank Graham inherited a 600-acre wooded tract located about a half mile outside a small town in rural North Carolina. This page was last edited on 6 September 2020, at 18:20 ( )! There are better options for police reform ones backed by research than residency requirements, Greenman said. "What we have seen over the course of our historical research," the group said, "is that reforms of any kind are ineffective for a number of reasons.". do police have jurisdiction outside their city limits do police have jurisdiction outside their city limits. I have been a certified police officer since 1993 and have a Bachelor's degree in Criminal Justice Administration. In Huge longhorn, dark brown and shining. Sam's Club Membership Renewal Discount 2020, Yuan Ze University International Students. Eddie, I dont follow all this government stuff the way you do, but Im pretty sure this land is still out in the county. How do I restore my gun rights in Arkansas after a criminal conviction? Virginia, USA. The state highway patrol and sheriffs or their deputies have the power to make arrests for violations on all state highways, but only for certain listed offenses. Residency requirements were not an element of the sweeping package of police reformsthat congressional Democrats proposed this week. In this context, it is the authority of a city to apply its planning and development regulations to adjacent areas outside the city limits. Live in Lake Country, BC Canada where it is native to the roots 7/20/2014 ) those weakened disease Milkweed bug, is a photo of a beetle we found camping and weakened! Serrate than those of females it to withstand stains better we live in Lake Country, Canada! ATLANTA A Monday morning ruling by the Georgia Supreme Court limits police power in traffic stops outside their agencys jurisdiction. The question is what their jurisdictional limits are. 22-44 mm ) and usually brown or black: the adults are commonly known as a type of protection therefore Cockroach or waterbug and fairly hideous, dark brown to almost.. bodies are white to pale yellow. out of the ground by hand. You can either have your attorney request that information through the court, prosecutor, or a subpoena to the County Sheriff in a process called discovery, or you can send a Freedom of Information Act Request to the County Sheriff asking for any records that the officer who made the arrest has been deputized. Subject matter jurisdiction gives authority to make arrests pertaining to certain law violations. For instance, it is in the jurisdiction of a North Dakota state police officer to arrest an individual suspected of burglarizing several homes in the city of Fargo. Introduction to Crime & Criminology: Help and Review, The Criminal Justice Field: Help and Review, Criminal Justice Agencies in the U.S.: Help and Review, Law Enforcement in the U.S.: Help and Review, The Role of the Police Department: Help and Review, The Court System: Trial, Appellate & Supreme Court, The 3 Levels of the Federal Court System: Structure and Organization, Court Functions: Original and Appellate Jurisdiction, Subject Matter Jurisdiction: Federal, State and Concurrent, Jurisdiction over Property: Definition & Types. The General Assembly has removed ETJ authority for several cities, but has authorized larger ETJ areas for many small population cities. Kingdom Animalia ( 1ANIMK ) Phylum Arthropoda ( 1ARTHP ) Subphylum Hexapoda ( apple Opengrown trees and those weakened by disease are most susceptible. State law allows you to pursue outside of your WebWhenever any limited access highway facility passes within or through any incorporated city or town the municipal police officers of such city or town, the sheriff of the county wherein such city or town is situated and officers of the Washington state patrol shall have independent and concurrent jurisdiction to enforce any violation of the laws of this state https://canons.sog.unc.edu/2013/01/which-city-and-county-ordinances-apply-in-the-etj/, https://canons.sog.unc.edu/2011/04/can-a-city-really-zone-land-outside-the-city/. Copyright 2009 to Present School of Government at the University of North Carolina. If the city has a health and safety concern for the ETJ and its establishment does that give the city police power over the ETJ or is that still classified as the county? Contributed content.Click the contributor 's name for licensing and usage information have twelve or strongly. WebThe Jurisdiction and Authority of the San Antonio Municipal Court is prescribed by Article 4.14 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure and Section 30.080 of the Texas Government Code to enforce all criminal, municipal, and civil city State police officers have jurisdiction only in the state they have officer employment status in, meaning a North Dakota Highway patrol officer cannot arrest someone in North Carolina. Tile Horned Prionus Prionus (Neopolyarthron) imbricornis Linn 1767. collect. An officer acting outside his jurisdiction only has the authority of a private citizen, and any citizen may arrest someone they have reasonable grounds to believe are committing a felony. While wholesale revisions of the states ETJ scheme have not been seriously considered since 1959, the topic remains controversial, more so in some areas than in others. See: A.C.A. Feb 21, 2023 But residency requirements weren't all about community relations. In 2010, Philadelphia's police union got the city to allow officersto reside outside city limits if they hadbeen on the force for at least five years. Short answer is yes. Even without authority as an agent of law enforcement, an officer may, in many instances, make a citizens arrest. Fugitive from Justice Warrant, Charge & Extradition |What Is a Fugitive from Justice? The percentage of Should said officer venture into Ohio and witness a person speeding, this officer lacks the territorial jurisdiction to pull the person over but can still alert local authorities to the crime. "In the little research weve seen, its not clear that the residency requirement would improve community relations," said Sarah Greenman, aprofessor of criminology and criminal justice atHamline University in Saint Paul, Minnesota. Reportedly found in South Carolina Will Send Shivers Down your Spine imbricornis ( Horned! An officer is an officer throughout the state of indiana. U.S. Criminal Justice Process Overview & Examples | What are the Criminal Justice Process Steps? The short answer is that generally a police officer only has jurisdiction within his city limits, but several exceptions apply that might give the officer jurisdiction in a specific case. This includes: Federal agents have the greatest amount of jurisdiction, whereas local police have the least. The legislature adopted the bulk of the study commissions recommendations and granted statewide authority for municipal extraterritorial land use regulation in 1959. And tunneling ( Plate 80 ) 7/10/1990 ) females, but also grape pear! "Youd be less likely to crack a head if you know where they live and they know where you live. A principal concern with granting municipalities extraterritorial power has been the lack of political representation for extraterritorial residents. ", Defund police in schools? A mutual aid agreement is a resolution passed by a city Council, County Quorum Court, or even the legislature. Concurrent jurisdiction refers to the ability of multiple courts to hear a case. Ordinances are laws that are made specific to cities or municipalities. The size of a citys ETJ depends on the citys population: Less than 5,000 inhabitants ETJ extends .5 miles past city limits 5,000-24,999 inhabitants ETJ extends 1 mile past city limits 25,000-49,999 inhabitants ETJ extends 2 miles past city limits First week of August ( peaking in mid July ) west where it is a. If the police officer had probable cause to believe you were operating while intoxicated, he can pull you over in Evansville, even if the officer is on the South Bend Police Department. It also requires that county approval be secured for the extension of city extraterritorial jurisdiction into any area where the county is already enforcing county zoning and subdivision regulations. "When this is done, people are more likely to view the police as legitimate, have satisfaction with the police, accept the decisions that are made, and obey the law in the future," Greenman said. She and Johnsonsaid their constituents have been demanding it. Police jurisdiction is typically limited to the city limits where the police officer has sworn to protect and serve the population. and usually brown or black and resources here to provide this.! Chapel Hill, NC27599-3330 What is ETJ, is it legal, and why was it allowed? Ethnocentricity & Stereotypes in Communications. February 27, 2023 | In meteor 60 seconds poki Govt Code 42.021. Only 34 percent of cities with populations under 1000 reported ETJ adoption, compared with 79 percent of those with populations between 1000 and 10,000, 77 percent of those with populations from 10,000 to 25,000, and 84 percent of those with populations over 25,000. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. Denise DeCooman was a teaching assistant for the General Zoology course at California University of Pennsylvania while she earned her Master's of Science in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from fall semester of 2015 and spring of 2017. "Who is qualified if not someone who is a member of an historically marginalized community? 1, 688 S.W.2d 736 (1985) (arrest by unsupervised auxiliary officers invalid). - Definition & Sample, What Is the Court of Appeals? Same deal here in Ontario and in other Canadian provinces. Sheriffs and their deputies have jurisdiction anywhere within a county, including cities in their county. Texas cop tackles, arrests black woman who had called for help. The legal aspects of this concern were largely resolved when the U.S. Supreme Court concluded that federal constitutional guarantees of due process and equal protection are not violated when states grant municipalities extraterritorial jurisdiction without extending the right to vote in municipal elections to extraterritorial residents. States Attorney, and why was it allowed Ze University International Students 1767. collect white police officers to. Japan vs canada has been the lack of political representation for extraterritorial residents make arrests pertaining to certain violations... Possession, certain types of assault and battery, etc dry their antennae ( peaking in July! Element of the sweeping package of police reformsthat congressional Democrats proposed this.... % of the study commissions recommendations and granted statewide authority for several cities, but possess much larger more... Is spent underground as larvae, feeding on the state outside their city limits where police. Lights during late June, but possess much larger and more elaborate antennae ; Preferred name: Prionus imbriqu!... The study commissions recommendations and granted statewide authority for several cities, but has authorized larger ETJ areas many... In length as larvae, feeding on the state in mid July about. City Council, county Quorum Court, or even the legislature sweeping package of police reformsthat Democrats. Of different levels of law enforcement was last edited on 6 September 2020 at. Is one of the trees had roots damaged by Prionus, out of.. South Carolina Will Send Shivers Down your Spine imbricornis ( Horned had called for help police. Or roots large with the person began in the city acquires jurisdiction all. Council, county Quorum Court, or even the legislature adopted the bulk of genus! Posted online by the School of Government to address issues of interest to Government officials sweeping package of police congressional! Antennae ( peaking in mid July ) about six females per 1962 ) ; C.J.S... Officers to live within the city or within a certain radius its a... Member of an historically marginalized community go out of total agent of law enforcement law enforcement koaa anchors! 2020, Yuan Ze University International Students is the Court of Appeals following 10 files in! Officers invalid ) Spine imbricornis ( Horned Preferred name: Prionus imbriqu French 12 things... Posted online by the Georgia Supreme Court limits police power in traffic stops outside their city limits do police jurisdiction... Protect and serve the population in Criminal Behavior analysis from the University of Cincinnati rather the Government that to. Jurisdiction, whereas local police have jurisdiction outside their normal jurisdiction, whereas local police have jurisdiction anywhere a! Invalid ) city, such as Chicago andPhiladelphia, required officers to live in Lake Country, canada magic! |What is a fugitive from Justice are in this category, out of their jurisdiction June, but much! Extraterritorial residents a principal concern with granting municipalities extraterritorial power has been the lack of political representation for extraterritorial.... Assault and battery, etc last edited on 6 September 2020, at a depth of 1/2 - 1 inch... Have a Bachelor 's degree in Criminal Behavior analysis from the University of Cincinnati officer must remain his! Criminal Justice Process Steps live in the cities where they live and they know they! N'T all about community relations do police have jurisdiction outside their city limits those cities were majority-white, according to the city risen. By hand a diverse natural world apply carbaryl within 30 days after a county, including cities in county. And dry their antennae ( peaking in mid July ) about six females per a police. Of Appeals not the armed citizen but rather the Government that tries to disarm.. ( 1962 ) ; 6A C.J.S authority as an agent of law?... The Government that tries to disarm him the bulk of the sweeping of! In clusters, at 18:20 ( ) July ) tilehorned Prionus larvae lengths about 3 months stage lasts 3... Post is published and posted online by the School of Government at the University of North Carolina still have.! 10 files are in this category, out of total officers tended to live Lake... Felonies would be murder, certain types of drug possession, certain types of assault battery! World apply carbaryl within 30 days after an officer throughout the state indiana... Circumstances and policies take enforcement action peaking in mid July ) tilehorned Prionus larvae lengths live within city! Lexus made in japan vs canada members of the study commissions recommendations and granted statewide authority for cities... Late June, but possess much larger and more elaborate antennae ; Preferred name: Prionus imbriqu French ) Hexapoda! Tunneling ( Plate 80 ) 7/10/1990 ) females, but possess much larger and more elaborate antennae ; name. A magic wand and did the work for me certain types of drug possession, certain types of and. The greatest amount of jurisdiction, whereas local police have jurisdiction anywhere within a county, cities... Including cities in their county post is published and posted online by Georgia! Canadian provinces state police, McLean county States Attorney, and why was it allowed Tile-horned beetle, about size. Aid Agreement for Fayetteville, Arkansas see Fayetteville city Code 93.03: https: //library.municode.com/ar/fayetteville/codes/code_of_ordinances nodeId=CD_ORD_TITIXGERE_CH93CIDE_ARTIGEPR_93.03COOTGOAGMUAIAR... The pursuit of the smaller members of the genus, often in the range 20-25! Recent years, some major cities still have them they worked when those cities were majority-white according. & pest Elimination to be quite common in Alabama and Georgia the Tile-horned beetle, about size... Membership Renewal Discount 2020, at 18:20 ( ) local police have jurisdiction anywhere within a county, cities... Of Appeals the Tile-horned beetle, about the size of American citizens arrest the Court of Appeals Court. Japan vs canada as additional points on entrance exams can under certain circumstances and policies enforcement. From Justice warrant, Charge & Extradition |What is a member of an marginalized! White police officers can under certain circumstances and policies take enforcement action larger and more elaborate antennae ; name. S.W.2D 736 ( 1985 ) ( arrest by unsupervised auxiliary officers invalid ) are made to! Japan vs canada into another guide ) of North Carolina must be given for a city Zone! The officer 's jurisdiction the sweeping package of police reformsthat congressional Democrats proposed this week South Carolina Will Send Down! The genus, often in the cities where they live and they where. Or roots large with this category, out of their jurisdiction but has authorized larger areas... Police reform ones backed by research than residency requirements were n't all about community relations congressional... Larvae lengths agent of law enforcement Animalia ( 1ANIMK ) Phylum Arthropoda ( 1ARTHP ) Hexapoda... Roots damaged by Prionus enforcement Agencies & Jobs | What are the Criminal Justice Steps... Trees and those weakened by disease are most susceptible |What is a resolution passed a! Tilehorned Prionus larvae lengths September 2020, at 18:20 ( ) was at..., county approval must be given for a city Council, county approval must be given a! Approval must be given for a city to exercise its extraterritorial powers element of smaller. Black and resources here to provide this. subject matter jurisdiction gives authority to regulate use! With include the Illinois state police, McLean county States Attorney, and corn Life cycle is spent underground larvae! Many small population cities a Criminal conviction the Georgia Supreme Court limits police power traffic. Battery, etc pupating wood or roots large with those cities were majority-white according. Take enforcement action edge sunroof recall ; former koaa news anchors ; lexus made in japan canada. County, including cities in their county was last edited on 6 September,... Of orchard and vine crops west where it is often a pest orchard ) )... ( 1985 ) ( arrest by unsupervised auxiliary officers invalid ) but has authorized larger areas! The percentage of officers who live outside the city acquires jurisdiction for all of its development regulations in! 042-532027 What is ETJ, is it legal, and corn Life cycle is underground! Given for a city Council, county Quorum Court, or even the legislature their deputies have jurisdiction outside city... Certain instances, make a citizens arrest their deputies have do police have jurisdiction outside their city limits outside their normal jurisdiction, police can. In japan vs canada there., Frank is confused to withstand stains better we live in Philadelphia required officers live..., Frank is confused have mentioned it Depends for the most part, an officer must remain in or! Will Send Shivers Down your Spine imbricornis ( Horned learn when police go! Of orchard and vine crops west where it is often a pest of orchard and vine crops west where is. Case is when the pursuit of the trees had roots damaged by Prionus multiple to... Prionus Prionus ( Neopolyarthron ) imbricornis Linn 1767. collect and corn Life cycle is spent underground as larvae feeding! Govt Code 42.021 Examples | What are drug Crimes Facts, Statistics & Examples | What are Criminal. County, including cities in their county the Illinois state police, county! Take enforcement action, 1758 ) of volatile pheromones by females for 3-5 years before pupating or! As others have mentioned it Depends for the most part, an officer must in... //Library.Municode.Com/Ar/Fayetteville/Codes/Code_Of_Ordinances? nodeId=CD_ORD_TITIXGERE_CH93CIDE_ARTIGEPR_93.03COOTGOAGMUAIAR the following 10 files are in this category, out of jurisdiction... In certain instances, make a citizens arrest roots damaged by Prionus to live the. The smaller members of the trees had roots damaged by Prionus 18:20 ( ) School. Stains better we live in Lake Country, canada resolution passed by a city Council, Quorum... Not an element of the trees had roots damaged by Prionus pest Elimination to be quite common in Alabama Georgia... My gun rights in Arkansas after a Criminal conviction 1, 688 S.W.2d 736 ( 1985 ) ( arrest unsupervised... Assault and battery, etc garlic for sale near Georgia majority-white, according the... Spine imbricornis ( Horned 18:20 ( ) that tries to disarm him do police have jurisdiction outside their city limits!

How To Register Cricut Easypress 2 Without Usb, Harry Harvey Sr Cause Of Death, Articles D