By 2050, there could be more plastic than fish in the seas by weight, according to one estimate. External trade was increasing: glass beads were being imported from India, and porcelains, transshipped either in India or in the Persian Gulf, were arriving from China. Between the 14th and 15th centuries, large African Great Lakes kingdoms and states emerged, such as the Buganda[65] and Karagwe[65] kingdoms of Uganda and Tanzania. Annual rainfall here ranges from over 1,600mm (63in) on the western slopes to around 1,250mm (49in) at Addis Ababa and 550mm (22in) at Asmara. Elephants have learned that raiding farmers fields can provide them with tasty treatsleaving little for the farmer and his family. [62][63] These early writings perhaps document the first wave of Bantu settlers to reach central east Africa during their migration.[64]. The Western Hemisphere includes about half of Antarctica and all of North and South America which includes the Caribbean and Central America as well as Greenland. However, the creation of clove plantations, intensification of the slave trade and relocation of the Omani capital to Zanzibar in 1839 by Seyyid Said had the effect of consolidating the Omani power in the region.[67]. Coastal East Africa encompasses a beautiful tapestry of land and seafrom mountains and grasslands to mangroves and fringing coral reefs. To the west, Africa has its longest coastline with the Atlantic Ocean. Meanwhile, in 1884, a narrow coastal strip of Somaliland came under British control (British Somaliland). The Indian ocean lies to the east of Africa, Wiki User. The region has endured the following post-colonial conflicts: Kenya has enjoyed relatively stable governance. Farmers are often killed while trying to defend their fields and elephants become the source of resentment and anger by the local communities. . We help them increase crop yield, improving livelihoods and offering alternatives to poaching. Eastern Africa had an estimated population of 260 million in 2000. In the high mountains rainfall can be over 2,500mm (98in). When ships were powered by sails, the seasonally alternating Indian Ocean monsoon winds allowed for efficient sea voyages up and down the coast. Best Answer. The easternmost point of the continent, that is Ras Hafun in Somalia, is of archaeological, historical and economical importance. This, combined with the poleward-flowing Agulhas Current, serves to characterise the coastal ocean in . Logging also opens up previously inaccessible forests to poachers and illegal wildlife traders. Similarly, a positive Indian Ocean Dipole result in warm sea-surface temperatures off the coast of East Africa and lead to increased rainfall over East Africa. Birth of undersea volcano off the east coast of Africa recorded in great detail. Trade, which seems to have been by barter, was considerable, with the main export probably of ivory. Eastern Africa region The Nairobi Convention A: Overview The Western Indian Ocean region is characterised by high biodiversity, both in terms of species and ecosystems, with a young and growing human population, especially in coastal urban centres. They exported ivory (some of it went as far as China) and also tortoiseshell, ambergris, and leopard skins. [23] Similarly, a positive Indian Ocean Dipole result in warm sea-surface temperatures off the coast of East Africa and lead to increased rainfall over East Africa. Rising demand and weak enforcement have led to a higher incidence of elephant poaching and increasing ivory markets. I was swimming slowly after it, blacking out the background to highlight its vivid colours. ~ Peet J. van Eeden, ? At altitudes of above 2,500 metres (8,202ft), frosts are common during the dry season and maxima typically about 21C (70F) or less. Author: George McCall Theal Source: Wikimedia Commons License: Public Domain Click the image for a larger view. Dhows were used in the nineteenth century to carry slaves from the East African coast to various islands in the Zanzibar archipelago. German East Africa, though very extensive, was not of such strategic importance as the British Crown's colonies to the north: the inhabitation of these lands was difficult and thus limited, mainly due to climatic conditions and the local geomorphology. East African coastal cities participated in a larger Afro-Asian trade network a thousand years before Vasco Da Gama peeked around the Cape of Good Hope to find the way to sail to India. [email protected], Travel & conservation company, since 1991, , Photographer of the Year 2023 Weekly Selection: Week 3, Photographer of the Year 2023 Weekly Selection: Week 2. Such trade goods as they obtained from the interior were apparently bought by barter at the coast. The climate of eastern Africa is generally tropical, though average temperatures tend to be reduced by the regions high elevations. Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing may account for as much as a third of total catches in some important fisheries in the region, and the capacity for local enforcement is severely lacking. Increased numbers of fish in the sanctuary areas benefit local fishermen who catch more fish in the surrounding areas, and have fueled a profitable tourism industry. By 1300, like the inhabitants of neighbouring Mafia, they were living in Muslim towns, the rulers of which were Shites. The Portuguese presence in the area officially began after 1505, when flagships under the command of Don Francisco de Almeida conquered Kilwa, an island located in what is now southern Tanzania. As the island is ring-fenced by one of the largest unbroken barrier reefs in the world, scuba diving here is a magical experience. Between 2500 and 3000 years ago, Bantu-speaking peoples began a millennia-long series of migrations eastward from their homeland around southern Cameroon. With maximum velocities of around 8.5 km/h, it is one of the fastest and strongest flowing currents in the world. The grasslands of Tanzania and Kenya are renowned for their wildlife, in particular large migratory herds of ungulates (e.g., gnus, zebras, and gazelles) and predators (lions, hyenas, and leopards). Warming seawaters threaten the incredible diversity associated with the regions coral reefs, leading to die-offs from bleaching. Approximately 55,000 people live in or around the Quirimbas marine reserve off the coast of Mozambique. Each year, tons of flip. Foreigners operate large-scale industrial fisheries along the coast, exporting most of the catch. A senior U.S. Navy officer says that his service no longer considers the East Coast of the United States as an "uncontested" area or an automatic "safe haven" for its ships and submarines. From: Red Sea Trade and Travel. Italy gained control of various parts of Somalia in the 1880s. Coastal East Africa encompasses a beautiful tapestry of land and seafrom mountains and grasslands to mangroves and fringing coral reefs. eastern Africa, part of sub-Saharan Africa comprising two traditionally recognized regions: East Africa, made up of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda; and the Horn of Africa, made up of Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea, and Ethiopia. 10. Along the coasts, you can find dugongs, whale sharks, dolphins, whales, and five species of marine turtles. Madagascar is also considered to be the world's fourth-largest island which offers a plethora of unique collection of flora and fauna. This protection of wildlife creates a strong and sustainable incentive for conservation. Within minutes, the blindingly bright white flats had been obscured by the downpour, and I lost the shark in the rain. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). . It imported large quantities of Islamic pottery and, in the 9th and 10th centuries, Chinese porcelain. It's more than 41 million square miles, the second . HOW TO GET THE MOST OUT OF AFRICA GEOGRAPHIC: We're the Africa Geographic editorial team a diverse set of writers, editors, designers and social media natives, all united by our passion for this addictive continent. A green turtle that was accidentally caught in fishing gear is about to be returned to the wild by WWF staff. Such local participation and management will help ensure protection of the lakes vital resources for future generations. It consists of 18 countries and 2 dependencies. The Protectorate of Uganda and the Colony of Kenya were located in a rich farmland area mostly appropriate for the cultivation of cash crops like coffee and tea, as well as for animal husbandry with products produced from cattle and goats, such as goat meat, beef and milk. WWF and partners have helped fishermen create a sustainable oyster harvesting system, resulting in increased profits and yield. Africa's east coast is blessed with a plethora of stunning islands, each one washed by the warm waters of the azure Indian Ocean. The only island that is mentioned is Qanbalu, which appears to have been what is now Tanzanias Pemba Island. The situation is exacerbated by large-scale illegal logging, which is often exported to international markets. This was projected to reach 890 million by 2050, with an average growth rate of 2.5% per annum. In Tanzania, WWF works with partners to help improve lives and protect wildlife through the creation of Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs)communal lands where local communities participate in the management of wildlife and resources. The waters of the Western Indian Ocean also support globally important shrimp and tuna industries. The three main colors of the African country were beige, red, and blue. The Dragonfly Sea, by Yvonne Adhiambo Owuor. This little piece of heaven is very popular for honeymoons and romantic breaks. East coast rock lobsters found in the Indo-West Pacific region, from East Africa along the coast of the Indian Ocean, as far as the Malay Archipelago, and then along the coasts of the Pacific Ocean to Japan in the north and Australia, New Caledonia and probably the Marquesas Islands in the south. The Gulf Stream is a powerful western boundary current in the North Atlantic Ocean that strongly influences the climate of the East Coast of the United States and many Western European countries. World Wildlife Fund Inc. is a nonprofit, tax-exempt charitable organization (tax ID number 52-1693387) under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. The Periplus describes in some detail the shore of what was to become northern Somalia. With imports and exports on the rise in and out of these ports, it's only a matter of time before larger and deeper berths are necessary to accommodate the changes and remain competitive. Safaris, discussions & donations that make a real difference in Africa. A large school of slingers at Sodwana Bay, South Africa Anthony Grote (Photographer of the Year 2016 Entrant), ? Atlantic Ocean, body of salt water covering approximately one-fifth of Earth's surface and separating the continents of Europe and Africa to the east from those of North and South America to the west. Tanzania has known stable government since independence although there are significant political and religious tensions resulting from the political union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar in 1964. In the African Great Lakes region, Niger-Congo languages of the Bantu branch are most widely spoken. It is lined with coral reefs, majestic islands, and, under the surface, animals bigger than any of the "Big Five", and none of them are in game parks! The Omani presence continued in Zanzibar and Pemba until the Zanzibar Revolution in 1964. In the East, Africa faces the Indian Ocean. Africa has a huge range of coastline which borders not only two oceans, but two seas as well. Azania Vol. Pop. A man exercises on an unseasonably warm December day in New York City. All travel bookings booked via Trust my Travel are financially protected by them. The Indian Ocean and East African Slave Trade: Zanzibar Figure 1.--Zanzibar was the center of the East African/Indian Ocean slave trade. (RSA) +27 (87) 551-8105 The health of stocks is wavering, particularly for tunas such as yellowfin and bigeye. The trading ships made their way down the east coast of Africa stopping at towns to trade for African goods such as ivory, gold, myrrh to make a fine skin oil, animal skins, frankincense and ambergris used to make perfumes, and slaves. Sodwana Bay is the oldest marine reserve in South Africa and its healthy reefs and rich; diverse marine life is a prime example of this. ~ Geo Cloete, ? Today, tourism is an important part of the economies of Kenya, Tanzania, Seychelles, and Uganda. They are solitary and derive their name from the beautiful colour and spots. ~ Peet J. van Eeden, ? For all its richness, the region also has some of the highest rates of people living below the poverty line on the planet. A dense concentration of box jellyfish in the Atlantic Ocean, Cape Town, South Africa Geo Cloete (Photographer of the Year 2018 Semi-finalist), In 2016, I published a photo of an unusual and yet to be described behaviour displayed by box jellyfish. East Africa & Indian Ocean cruises. Carefully selected conservation projects one-stop, seamless, transparent donations APP subscribers only. A team of researchers . Elephants and other wildlife require freedom to roam in search of food and freshwater. Just as there are major conservation issues for the animals on the continent of Africa such as poaching, habitat destruction, and other threats, there are many issues and concerns for the East African marine ecosystems and animals. [48] The Bantu expansion was a long series of physical migrations, a diffusion of language and knowledge out into and in from neighboring populations, and a creation of new societal groups involving inter-marriage among communities and small groups moving to communities and small groups moving to new areas. Its here, in the deep, pelagic waters, where blue sharks (Prionace glauca) call it home. We work on sustainable use of natural resources, such as certified timber or fisheries, which also creates incentives for conservation. WMAs create opportunities for wildlife tourism, which directly benefits local communities through jobs and revenue. Encyclopedia Britannica, inc, Jacob E. Safra, J. D. Fage, A history of Africa, Routledge, 2002, p.29, Daniel Don Nanjira, African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy: From Antiquity to the 21st Century, ABC-CLIO, 2010, p.114. Today they are still used across the Indian Ocean to carry merchandise such as fruits, water, or spices. In 1890, beginning with the purchase of the small port town of (Asseb) from a local sultan in Eritrea, the Italians colonized all of Eritrea. Credit: DOI: 10.1038/s41561-021-00809-x. Oxford: University Press. Moreover, this area had the potential for a significant residential expansion, being suitable for the relocation of a large number of British nationals to the region. Over several centuries countless East Africans were sold as slaves by Muslim Arabs to the Middle East and other places via the Sahara desert and Indian Ocean. Though the straits were never completely closed, there may have been islands in between which could be reached using simple rafts. The Italian occupation of Ethiopia ended in 1941 during World War II as part of the East African Campaign.The French also staked out an East African outpost on the route to French Indochina. 110. Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, Learn how and when to remove this template message, List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa East Africa, List of African cuisines East African cuisine, Music of Africa West, Central, Southeast and South Africa, Sub-Saharan African music traditions East Africa, Traditional African religions East Africa, Writing systems of Africa Ancient orthographies, List of ethnic groups of Africa East Africa, History of science and technology in Africa, genocide of Hutus in 1972 and genocide of Tutsis in 1993, "United Nations Statistics Division- Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49)", "Overview of Module Twenty: Southern Africa", 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T6557A16980917.en, 10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<3457:gpoirv>2.0.co;2, "A dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean", "A geographically explicit genetic model of worldwide human-settlement history", Searching for traces of the Southern Dispersal, "Genomic evidence for an African expansion of anatomically modern humans by a Southern route", "Genetic and archaeological perspectives on the initial modern human colonization of southern Asia", "Meet the Contenders for Earliest Modern Human", "Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia", "Scientists Are Amazed By Stone Age Tools They Dug Up in Kenya", "A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity New finds from Kenya suggest that humans used long-distance trade networks, sophisticated tools, and symbolic pigments right from the dawn of our species", "Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age", "Scientists Find the Skull of Humanity's Ancestor on a Computer By comparing fossils and CT scans, researchers say they have reconstructed the skull of the last common forebear of modern humans", "Deciphering African late middle Pleistocene hominin diversity and the origin of our species", Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fate of Human Societies, "Forgotten Ancient History of East Africa", "The Bantu Migration | World Civilization", "Perspectives on the African past Google Books", "Uganda and Its Peoples: Notes on the Protectorate of Uganda, Especially the Anthropology and Ethnology of Its Indigenous Races", "Islands in a Cosmopolitan Sea: A History of the Comoros by Iain Walker (Review)", "Book review. Various bodies of water surround Africa the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the east and southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west and in these waters, you will find an array of dazzling lifeforms, from the smallest nudibranch to the impressive schools of fish that move through the water like a flock of red-billed queleas on the African plains. Weather extremes also severely threaten the regions traditional livelihoods of farming and fishing. The Indian Ocean trade was conducted through the barter system but later coins were used as a medium of exchange. With millions of humans also sharing the land, frequent encounters occur and often lead to conflict. This protection of the continent, that is mentioned is Qanbalu, which is often to! Hafun in Somalia, is of archaeological, historical and economical importance of humans sharing... 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